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Questions, Cues, and Advance Organizers
from Classroom Instruction that
Works Robert J. Marzano, Debra, J . Pickering, Jane
E. Pollock, MCREL, 2001.
Summary of Research on Cues and
Questions
- Cues and questions should focus on what is important as
opposed to what is unusual.
- "Higher level" questions produce deeper learning
than lower level questions.
- "Waiting" briefly before accepting responses from
students increases the depth of student answers.
- Questions are effective learning tools
even when asked before a learning experience.
Classroom Practice in Cues and
Questions
- Explicit cues provide students with a preview of what they are about to experience.
- Questions that elicit inferences help students "fill-in" missing information.
- Analytic questions help students critque information. The
types of analysis are analyzing errors, constructing support, and
analyzing perspectives.
Summary of Research on Advanced
Organizers
- Advance Organizers should focus on what is important as
opposed to what is unusual.
- "Higher level" advance organizers produce deeper
learnng than the "lower level" advance organizers.
- Advance Organizers are most useful with
information that is not well organized.
- Different types of advanced organizers produce
different results.
Classroom Practice in Advanced
Organizers
- Expository advance organizers describe new content.
- Narrative advance organizers present information in story format.
- Skimming before reading is a form of advance organizer.
- Graphic organizers are very effective.
Technology Resources
Title: Use Inspiration to create an graphic advanced
organizer
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Learn to use Inspiration software to
create a graphic advanced organizer.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
Title: WYNN Literacy Software
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Learn to use WYNN software to help challenged readers organize and understand information. WYNN is
the innovative literacy software tool designed to enhance
success for individuals with reading challenges and writing
difficulties. WYNN was developed with the help of special
educators and individuals with learning difficulties. By using
a bi-modal approach — simultaneous highlighting of the
text as it is spoken — WYNN transforms printed text
into understandable information that benefits readers of all
ages.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
Title: PowerPoint or AppleWorks slide show
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Learn to use a PowerPoint or Appleworks slideshow as an advanced organizer.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
Technology Resources
Title: Highlighters
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Learn to use a highlighter tool in Microsoft Word to point out important topics.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
Title: Partial outlines or fill-in-the-blank guides for note taking
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Create a partial outline in a word processor, so that
learners can fill in remaining topics as they are learned. Use a
fill-in-the-blank guide to help learners take notes.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
Title: Web Quests
Grade Level(s):
Curricular
Area(s): All
Description: Use a Web Quest to help introduce a new topic.
Resources (Files,
Websites, etc.):
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